Photospheric downflows observed with SDO/HMI, HINODE, and an MHD simulation

Downflows on the solar surface are suspected to play a major role in dynamics of convection zone, at least its outer part. We investigate existence long-lasting downflows whose effects influence interior Sun but also layers. study sets Dopplergrams and magnetograms observed with Solar Dynamics Observatory Hinode spacecrafts an magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation. All aligned sequences, which were corrected from satellite motions tracked differential rotation, used detect quiet-Sun disc centre. To learn about structure flows below surface, time-distance local helioseismology was used. The inspection 3D data cube ( x , y t ) 24 h Doppler sequence allowed us 13 persistent downflows. Their lifetimes lie range between 3.5 20 sizes 2″ 3″ speeds −0.25 −0.72 km s −1 . These always filled magnetic field amplitude up 600 Gauss. helioseismic inversion allows describe compare them other (non-persistent) view. seem penetrate much deeper and, case well-formed vortex, vorticity keeps integrity depth 5 Mm. In MHD simulation, only sub-arcsecond detected no evidence vortex comparable size observations Sun. long temporal sequences space-borne show long-persistent together field. They inside connected anchoring coronal loops photosphere, indicating link activity. A links suggests that EUV cyclones over quiet could be effective way heat corona.